Mahatma Gandhi

I recruited Indian soldiers for Britain’s war effort, but the campaign fell far short of its target.

I suspended the Rowlatt Satyagraha after violence showed that the movement had escaped my discipline.

I joined the Khilafat cause to build unity, but the alliance fractured and the caliphate itself was abolished.

I called off Non-Cooperation after Chauri Chaura, abruptly ending a movement at its height.

The British arrested me after Non-Cooperation collapsed, and I spent two years away from national leadership.

I returned from the Second Round Table Conference without the constitutional agreement India sought.

The Gandhi–Irwin Pact paused civil disobedience but did not deliver independence or settle the constitutional conflict.

My fast against separate electorates produced the Poona Pact, a compromise Ambedkar later criticised.

I withdrew the Civil Disobedience Movement without having won independence from British rule.

The British jailed me as Quit India began, and the movement was repressed before its immediate goal was won.

My talks with Muhammad Ali Jinnah failed to bridge our differences over Pakistan and India’s future.

My appeals could not stop the communal killings that spread from Calcutta to Noakhali, Bihar and beyond.

I could not prevent Partition or the communal violence that accompanied independence.